General practitioners' role in safeguarding patients with dementia in their use of dietary supplements. A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: The use of dietary supplements (DS) may cause harm through direct and indirect effects. Patients with dementia may be particularly vulnerable. This study aims to explore general practitioners' (GPs') experiences with DS use by these patients, the GPs perceived responsibilities, obstacles in taking on this responsibility, their attitudes toward DS, and suggestions for improvements to safeguard the use of DS in this patient group. DESIGN: Qualitative individual interview study conducted February - December 2019. Data were analysed using systematic text condensation. SETTING: Primary healthcare clinics in Norway. SUBJECTS: Fourteen Norwegian GPs. FINDINGS: None of the informants were dismissive of patients using DS. They were aware of the possible direct risks and had observed them in patients. Most GPs showed little awareness of potential indirect risks to patients with dementia who use DS. They acknowledged the need for caretaking of these patients. Although there were differences in practice styles, most of the GPs wished to help their patients safeguarding DS use but found it difficult due to the lack of quality assurance of product information. Furthermore, there were no effective ways for the GPs to document DS use in the patients' records. Several suggestions for improvement were given by the GPs, such as increased attention from GPs, inclusion of DS in the prescription software, and stricter regulatory systems for DS from the authorities. CONCLUSION: The GPs had initially little awareness of this safety risk, but there were differences in practice style and attitudes towards DS. The GPs did not perceive themselves as main responsible for safe use of DS in patient with dementia. The most important reason to disclaim responsibility was lack of information about the products. One suggestion for improvement was better integration of DS in patients' medical record.

Currently, little is known about general practitioners (GPs) caretaking of patients with dementia who use dietary supplements (DS). Our study showed that:The GPs in this study showed little awareness of the potential safety risk that DS use may represent for patients with dementia.Several obstacles in the treatment setting and in the regulation of DS make it difficult for the GPs to assume full responsibility for patients with dementia who use DS.Lack of evidence about DS safety and effect adds to professional uncertainty and may cause frustration or reluctance to address the issue.

Home care service employees' contribution to patient safety in clients with dementia who use dietary supplements: a Norwegian survey.

OBJECTIVE: To explore home care services (HCS) employees' professional experiences with the use of dietary supplements (DSs) in their clients with dementia. We also investigated their attributed professional responsibility concerning this use and their attitudes toward DSs in general. Differences between nurses and nurse assistants were investigated. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey with self-administered questionnaires. SETTING: Home care services in six Norwegian municipalities in the period August-December 2016. SUBJECTS: A total of 231 (64% response rate) HCS employees; 78 nurses and 153 nurse assistants (auxiliary nurses and employees without formal education).Main outcome measures: Health care employees' experiences with patient safety in clients with dementia who use DSs. RESULTS: Fifty per cent were concerned that clients with dementia might harm their health due to DS use. Thirty-one per cent reported having intervened in order to reduce the risk. Seventy-one per cent preferred to administer DSs to clients with dementia rather than leaving this responsibility to the clients. The respondents placed the responsibility for patient safety in clients with dementia using DSs mainly with the general practitioners, while they ascribed themselves and pharmacies a medium level of responsibility. There were only minor difference between nurses and nurse assistants, and no difference in attitudes towards DSs. CONCLUSION: Employees in HCS were concerned about the DS use in clients with dementia. Moreover, almost one-third had intervened to improve clients' patient safety. The majority indicated that HCS should administer DSs rather than the clients with dementia themselves.KEY POINTSTo our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the role of home care services with regard to patient safety in clients with dementia who use dietary supplements (DSs).•Home care service employees worried about patient safety related to DS use in clients with dementia.•Home care service employees attributed to themselves medium responsibility to ensure the safe use of DSs in these clients.•Lack of knowledge was the most important reason why home care service employees did not recommend DSs to clients.

Academic detailing as a method of continuing medical education.

INTRODUCTION: Academic detailing is an interactive educational outreach to prescribers to present unbiased, non-commercial, evidence-based information, mostly about medications, with the goal of improving patient care. Academic detailing in Norway is an approach for providing continuing medical education to general practitioners (GPs). The basis of academic detailing is a one-to-one discussion between a trained health professional (the academic detailer) and the GP at the GP's workplace. METHOD: Our first campaign was named "Better use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)", which aim was to reduce the use of diclofenac due to the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse events. At the same time we advised the GPs to use naproxen as the drug of choice if an NSAID was needed. We did a one-to-one intervention in two cities, where a trained academic detailer met the GP during office hours. A total of 247 GPs were invited to participate and 213 visits (86%) were completed. This article reviews the theoretical framework underlying the method and describes the development and implementation of academic detailing to GPs in Norway. RESULTS: More than 90% the participating GPs considered academic detailing a suitable method for providing up-to-date evidence-based, manufacturer-independent information, and nearly all would most likely or probably welcome another visit. After the intervention there was a reduction of diclofenac prescribing of 16% and 18%, respectively, in the two cities. CONCLUSION: We consider that academic detailing is a suitable method to bring the best available evidence to the point at which care is delivered, to achieve the best for the patients. According to the Norwegian GPs' evaluation, it is a key supplement to other methods of continuing medical education. To have maximum impact, it is important that academic detailing is practiced according to the consensus that has evolved in the USA and Australia.

Pharmacy employees' involvement in safeguarding persons with dementia who use dietary supplements: Results from a survey of Norwegian pharmacies.

BACKGROUND: Community-dwelling persons with dementia commonly use dietary supplements (DS), often without receiving help with the administration. Patient safety is a concern, as DS-drug interactions and adverse events are potential complications. Since many persons with dementia buy their DS in pharmacies, we investigated Norwegian pharmacy employees' attitudes and professional practice behaviors related to DS. METHODS: We conducted a survey in eight Norwegian municipalities of pharmacy employees involved in the sale of DS. The questionnaire covered demographics and investigated attitudes toward DS, professional practice behaviors related to the sale of DS, experiences with customers with dementia, and perceived and attributed responsibilities with regard to patient safety. RESULTS: One hundred and five employees responded (response rate: 52%). Most employees regarded general practitioners (GPs) as primarily responsible for safeguarding the use of DS by persons with dementia and rated themselves less responsible. Thirty-seven percent of the employees reported personal use of DS (past or current use). Nine percent considered some of the DS to have symptomatic or prophylactic effects against dementia. Forty-eight percent confirmed that they informed customers about potential adverse events; 42% indicated that they did this sometimes. Sixteen percent checked regularly for DS-drug interactions, and two-thirds checked depending on the customers' health, the type of drug or the type of DS. One-quarter regularly asked about the co-use of prescription drugs (PD) when selling DS, while only 2% asked about the co-use of DS when dispensing PD. Only 25% reported access to independent scientific information on all or most DS sold in their pharmacy. Eight percent had experienced unsafe use of DS by persons with dementia. Six percent had been taught about counselling persons with dementia. Education level influenced professional practice behavior to some extent. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy employees do not see themselves as primarily responsible for the safe use of DS by persons with dementia. Moreover, they have limited experience with the unsafe use of DS by these persons. There is potential for improvement regarding tools and educational interventions for pharmacy employees to provide sufficient help to persons with dementia who use DS.

Direct and indirect risk associated with the use of dietary supplements among persons with dementia in a Norwegian memory clinic.

BACKGROUND: The use of dietary supplements (DS) is common among persons with dementia. Direct risks associated with DS use include adverse events and DS-drug interactions. A direct risk is a risk caused by the treatment itself. Indirect risks are related to the treatment setting, such as the conditions of use, and not to the treatment itself. Because dementia symptoms may reduce a person's ability to cope with the administration of DS, the use of DS may pose a threat to safety as an indirect risk. The aim of this study was to describe the extent of DS use among persons with dementia in ambulatory care and to identify some relevant direct and indirect risks related to DS use. METHODS: We conducted a survey among 151 persons with dementia attending an outpatient memory clinic in Northern Norway. Study measurements included: the participants' characteristics, cognitive functioning, functioning in the activities of daily living (ADL), and the use of DS and prescription drugs (PD). We assessed direct risks by evaluating potential DS-drug interactions and indirect risks by evaluating the conditions under which it was used. RESULTS: Forty-six percent (n = 70) of the persons with dementia used DS. Ninety-seven percent (n = 147) used PD. We found potentially clinically relevant DS-drug interactions representing a direct risk in eight persons with dementia (11% of users). While only 36% (n = 26) of the participants received assistance with the administration of DS, 73% (n = 106) received assistance with the administration of PD. Persons with dementia living alone were at risk of not receiving assistance, as home care service seldom was involved in DS administration. Data indicated that assistance with DS administration was not provided for all persons with dementia in need, representing an indirect risk to these persons. Only one-third of the persons with dementia and half of the caregivers were aware of the general risks of adverse events and interactions associated with the use of DS. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with dementia use DS frequently, yet DS use may be associated with direct and indirect risks to patient safety as potentially clinically relevant interactions were discovered and DS intake often was unsupervised.

A pharmacist-led follow-up program for patients with established coronary heart disease in North Norway - a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was twofold; 1) to develop a clinical pharmacist-led 12 month lasting follow-up program for patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) discharged from the University Hospital of North Norway, and 2) to explore the impact of the program with regards to adherence to a medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD and change in biomedical risk factors. METHODS: A total of 102 patients aged 18-82 years were enrolled in a non-blinded randomized controlled trial with an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised medication reconciliation, medication review and patient education during three meetings; at discharge, after three months and after twelve months. The control group received standard care from their general practitioner. Primary outcomes were adherence to clinical guideline recommendations concerning prescription, therapy goal achievement and lifestyle education defined in the medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD (MAT-CHDSP). Secondary outcomes included changes in the biomedical risk factors cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients completed the trial, 48 intervention group patients and 46 controls. Appropriate prescribing was high, but therapy goal achievement was low in both groups. Overall adherence to MAT-CHDSP criteria increased in both groups and was significantly higher in the intervention group at study end, 78.4% vs. 62.0%, p<0.001. The difference was statistically significant for the documented lifestyle advices in intervention group patients. No significant improvements in biomedical risk factors were observed in favor of the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed an increased guideline adherence in both study groups. This indicates that attention to clinical practice guideline recommendations in itself increases adherence - which may be a clinical pharmacist task. A larger adequately powered study is needed to show a significant difference in biomedical risk factor improvements in favor of the intervention. Amendments to the follow-up program are suggested before implementation in standard patient care can be recommended.

A pharmacist-led follow-up program for patients with established coronary heart disease in North Norway - a randomized controlled trial / / Programa farmacéutico de seguimiento para pacientes con enfermedad coronaria establecida en el norte de Noruega - Ensayo controlado aleatorizado

Objectives: The aim of the study was twofold; 1) to develop a clinical pharmacist-led 12 month lasting followup program for patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) discharged from the University Hospital of North Norway, and 2) to explore the impact of the program with regards to adherence to a medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD and change in biomedical risk factors. Methods: A total of 102 patients aged 18-82 years were enrolled in a non-blinded randomized controlled trial with an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised medication reconciliation, medication review and patient education during three meetings; at discharge, after three months and after twelve months. The control group received standard care from their general practitioner. Primary outcomes were adherence to clinical guideline recommendations concerning prescription, therapy goal achievement and lifestyle education defined in the medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD (MAT-CHDSP). Secondary outcomes included changes in the biomedical risk factors cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose. Results: Ninety-four patients completed the trial, 48 intervention group patients and 46 controls. Appropriate prescribing was high, but therapy goal achievement was low in both groups. Overall adherence to MAT-CHDSP criteria increased in both groups and was significantly higher in the intervention group at study end, 78.4% vs. 62.0%, p<0.001. The difference was statistically significant for the documented lifestyle advices in intervention group patients. No significant improvements in biomedical risk factors were observed in favor of the intervention group. Conclusions: The study showed an increased guideline adherence in both study groups. This indicates that attention to clinical practice guideline recommendations in itself increases adherence - which may be a clinical pharmacist task. A larger adequately powered study is needed to show a significant difference in biomedical risk factor improvements in favor of the intervention. Amendments to the follow-up program are suggested before implementation in standard patient care can be recommended (AU)

Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue doble: 1) desarrollar un programa de seguimiento farmacéutico de 12 meses de duración para pacientes con enfermedad coronaria establecida (CHD) dados de alta del Hospital Universitario de Noruega del Norte, y 2) explorar el impacto del programa en relación a un instrumento de evaluación para la prevención secundaria de CHD y cambios en los factores de riesgo biomédicos. Métodos: Se incluyeron en un estudio controlado aleatorizado no cegado un total de 102 pacientes de 18- 82 años. La intervención consistió en reconciliación de la medicación, revisión de la medicación, y educación del paciente en tres encuentros: al alta, después de 3 meses y después de 12 meses. El grupo control recibió los cuidados habituales de su médico general. Los outcomes primarios fueron la adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica relativa a la prescripción, la consecución de los objetivos terapéuticos y los hábitos de vida definidos en el instrumento de evaluación de la prevención secundaria de CHD (el MAT-CHDSP). Los outcomes secundarios incluían cambios en los factores biomédicos de riesgo, como colesterol, presión arterial y glucemia. Resultados: 94 pacientes completaron el ensayo, 48 en el grupo intervención y 46 controles. La prescripción adecuada fue elevada, pero la consecución de los objetivos terapéuticos fue baja en ambos grupos a lo largo del estudio. La adherencia total a los criterios del MAT-CHDSP aumentó en ambos grupos, y fue significativamente mayor en el grupo intervención al final del estudio, comparado con el control (78.4% vs. 60.2%, respectivamente, p<0.001). La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa para los estilos de vida aconsejados en los pacientes del grupo intervención. No se observaron cambios significativos en los factores biomédicos de riesgo a favor del grupo intervención. Conclusiones: El estudio mostró un aumento de adherencia a las guías en ambos grupos. Esto indica que la atención a las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica por sí mismo aumenta la adherencia - lo que podría ser una tarea del farmacéutico. Se necesita un estudio mayor y con más poder para mostrar una diferencia significativa en la mejoría a favor de la intervención de los factores biomédicos de riesgo. Pueden recomendarse modificaciones a los programas de seguimiento que mejoren la implantación en los cuidados normales de los pacientes (AU)

Application of the MAT-CHDSP to assess guideline adherence and therapy goal achievement in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention.

PURPOSE: Numerous studies have documented suboptimal adherence to guideline recommendations in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD(SP)). Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are continuously developed to define appropriate patient care, aiming to reduce risk of morbidity and death. The Medication Assessment Tool for CHD(SP) (MAT-CHD(SP)) was developed to assess adherence to CPGs concerning medication therapy and follow-up of patients with CHD(SP). The aim of this study was to explore whether the MAT-CHD(SP) could be applied retrospectively to assess guideline adherence and therapy goal achievement in secondary prevention of CHD. METHODS: We collected data from electronic medical records of all patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation from January to March 2008 (n = 300) and applied the MAT-CHD(SP). We measured time for data collection and MAT application and tested reproducibility by calculating Cohen's kappa (κ) value for inter and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: A total of 247 MAT applications were analyzed, showing overall applicability of 66 % of the 4,446 MAT-CHD(SP) criteria and a high reproducibility of MAT-CHD(SP) application (κ values 0.93 and 0.95 for intra- and interobserver agreement, respectively). Mean time for data collection and MAT-CHD(SP) application was 11 min. Adherence to criteria concerning prescription was high (>75 %), but achievement of therapy goals for cholesterol and blood pressure was low (<50 %). Documentation of lifestyle advice achieved intermediate (50-75 %) or low adherence, as did therapy amendments in patients in whom therapy goals were unachieved at hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: The MAT-CHD(SP) offers a means to identify both adherence and nonadherence to CPGs concerning CHD(SP) is applicable in retrospective assessment of CHD(SP), and identifies potentials for improved patient care.

MAT-CHDSP, a novel medication assessment tool for evaluation of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Quality of health performance is of increasing international importance. The potential value of the implementation of a guideline-based medication assessment tool (MAT) has been evaluated in order to measure and improve adherence to guideline recommendations in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHOD: An existing MAT developed in the UK based on internationally recognised clinical evidence has been further developed [with criteria extended to secondary prevention of CHD only] for application in Norway. Content validity was demonstrated using a two round Delphi process among an expert group (12 reviewers, consensus threshold 75%). Inter- and intra-observer reliability testing was conducted with agreement expressed by Cohen's kappa (κ). The designed MAT was applied in a pilot study and application time was measured to inform clinical utility of the tool in real world settings. A total of 85 patients (69% male) undergoing coronary angiography were included. Mean age was 65.4 years (SD 11.6). RESULTS: The new MAT is named MAT-CHDSP and comprises 21 review criteria. Consensus among the expert group (n = 12) was obtained for all final criteria. Reliability testing showed κ in the range (0.79-0.90). Applicability in the pilot study was 63% (n = 1106) and adherence was 65%, 95% CI (64-66) (n = 791). The mean application time for the experienced user was 1.5 minutes (SD 0.3). CONCLUSION: MAT methodology might merge the increasing demand for continuous assessment of quality of health performance with the clinical pharmacist's need for a standardised and explicit working tool.

[Concomitant use of warfarin, analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents]. / Samtidig bruk av warfarin, analgetika og antiinflammatoriske midler.

BACKGROUND: Concomitant use of warfarin and analgesics enhances the risk of bleeding. The frequency of such co-medication has not yet been investigated. The main aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of concomitant use of warfarin and prescription analgesic drugs in Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients were included who were registered in the Norwegian Prescription Database as having received warfarin (Marevan) at Norwegian pharmacies from 2004 to 2006. Data were retrieved on prescription of warfarin and common analgesic drugs (paracetamol, weak opioids and NSAIDs). "Concomitant medication" was defined as the concurrent use of warfarin and analgesic drugs as prescribed by one or more different physicians at the same or different date, but within the time period for warfarin use. RESULTS: The number of warfarin users was approximately 80,000 in 2006 (60 % men), 93 % were older than 50 years and the majority were on long-term treatment. 25 % of warfarin patients used weak opioids in each of the following years: 2004, 2005 and 2006, while 16 - 23 % were on NSAIDs and 29 - 31 % on paracetamol. INTERPRETATION: A higher number of Norwegians is treated with warfarin than previously presumed. Concomitant use of common analgesics was likely for at least one fourth of the warfarin users. As the investigated analgesics may interact with and increase the effect of warfarin (through different mechanisms), the frequent co-prescribing of these drugs may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.

Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease: goal achievement and drug prescribing.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the degree of treatment goal achievement and drug prescribing in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in clinical practice. METHOD: Patients undergoing planned or acute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. Patients' medical records and the hospital's database on clinical chemistry analyses were studied retrospectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Goal achievement and drug prescription relative to published therapeutic guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients aged 66 +/- 11 years were included. Blood pressure <140/90 mmHg was achieved in 36% of patients 3 months after PCI and total cholesterol <5 mmol/l was achieved in 29% at the time of PCI. Three months after PCI the patients were on 1.4 (range 0-4) drugs with antihypertensive effect (including diuretics). Seventy eight percent were on a statin, 92% were on low-dose aspirin, and 23% had a diuretic in their drug regimen. Five out of 16 patients with diabetes mellitus included in the study were prescribed an angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor (ACE-I). CONCLUSION: There is probably a potential for increased degree of goal achievement and for improved drug prescribing in patients with CHD undergoing PCI at our hospital.

[New techniques for optimization of thiopurine therapy in leukemia and transplantation]. / Nye styringsverktøy for tiopuriner i leukemi- og transplantasjonsbehandling.

BACKGROUND: The majority of chemotherapeutic agents are administered at fixed doses that are close to those maximally tolerated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review is based on current knowledge about the metabolism of thiopurines and the clinical implications of genetic polymorphism in thiopurine-S-methyltransferase (TPMT). RESULTS: Intracellularly thiopurines, e.g. 6-MP, are anabolized to cytotoxic 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) that are incorporated into DNA and RNA. A competing pathway is S-methylation of 6-MP and its initial nucleotide metabolites by TPMT. In childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia, high erythrocyte concentrations of 6-TGN correlate with the degree of leukopenia and a good prognosis, while low concentrations appear to be associated with higher risk of relapse. In most populations studied, approximately 10% have intermediate TPMT activity and 1/300 lacks TPMT activity due to one or two mutant TPMT alleles, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Phenotyping or genotyping may be used to identify patients as deficient or intermediate thiopurine metabolizers. This suggests that they should receive a profound or moderate reduction in dosage to avoid haematopoietic toxicity.